Complex adaptive systems that include data infrastructure, tools, media, producers, consumers, curators, and sharers. They are complex organizations of dynamic social
relationships through which data/information moves and transforms in flows.

Source: Data-Pop Alliance (2015). Beyond Data Literacy: Reinventing Community Engagement and Empowerment in the Age of Data.” Data-Pop Alliance White Paper Series. Data-Pop Alliance (Harvard Humanitarian
Initiative, MIT Media Lab and Overseas Development Institute) and Internews. September 2015.

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